Monday, March 4, 2013

Music #349 - Other Composers of the Era

Some Other Composers of the Classical Era

Luigi Boccherini 

(1743-1805, Italian-born Spanish)

Boccherini is most widely known for one particular ...
* minuet (mvt.3) from his String Quintet, Op. 11, No. 5
* aka Celebrated Minuet



Christoph Willibald Gluck  

(1714–1787, German)
Gluck playing his clavichord  
- Joseph Duplessis (1725–1802, French)
- oil on canvas (100 x 80.5 cm) 1775
- Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna)
Gluck brought reforms to opera. Expousing a more continuous texture in which music served the poetry and drama of the libretto, he employed vivid characterization, simple plots, and large-scale planning of music to bring universal human themes and emotions to life.
        With a series of radical new works in the 1760s, among them Orfeo ed Euridice and Alceste, he broke the stranglehold that Metastasian opera seria (serious opera, contrast to opera buffa / comic opera) had enjoyed for much of the century.

Orfeo ed Euridice / Orpheus and Eurydice 

Orpheus /ˈɔrfiːəs/ loved his wife Eurydice /jʊˈrɪdɨsiː/ dearly and tried to bring her back from the dead with his enchanting music.
 
Ouvertüre

(L) Dance of the Blessed Spirits
 
(R) Aria: Senza un addio?

Alceste  

/Alkēstis/ 
- an Athenian tragedy by the ancient Greek playwright Euripides
- Alceste sacrificed her own life to save her dying husband King Admetus

La Rencontre Imprévue

- opéra comique style, incorporating spoken dialogue
- set in Cairo, it features a “harem escape”, a plot much popular then in Vienna fascinated by Islam and by Turkish music 
Ouvertüre

Iphigénie en Tauride

Gluck's finest work, the music is dramatic, expressive, and almost symphonic in its orchestration.
 2 hours

(1714-1788, German) 
He bridged the gap between the Baroque style of his father, J.S. Bach, and the Classical style of Haydn and Mozart.

Magnificat in D (WQ215)

CPE Bach adapted the same key and text of his father's Magnificat, and achieved more homophonic and melodious effects.

Flute Concerto in G (WQ169)

1 of 5 flute concertos adapted from Bach's keyboard compositions.

Symphony in E b (WQ179) 

In new Classical style, with its light homophonic (rather than polyphonic) effects.

When Carl Czerny

 went to study with Beethoven, he was required to purchase C.P.E. Bach's True Art of Keyboard Playing, which is now perhaps better known than any of his music.



Johann Christian Bach

(1735-1782, German)
- aka “the London Bach”, “the English Bach”
- the 18th child of J.S. Bach
(L) Symphonies for Double Orchestra, Op. 18
(R) Concerts performed at
 the Hanover Square Rooms in London,
featuring many fashionable musicians,
were popular in the 18th century.



François-Adrien Boieldieu 

[fʁɑ̃.swa a.dʁiɛ̃ bwa.ɛld.jø]  
 (1775–1834, French)
- a composer mainly of operas, often called "the French Mozart"
Concerto for Harp and Orchestra, Mvt.1



Leopold Mozart

(1719-1787, German)
- father of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Symphony in G “Neue Lambacher”



(1717–1757, Czech)  
 He is known for his 58 surviving symphonies, which established the four-movement pattern and the Classical style.



J. G. Albrechtsberger 

(1736-1809, Austrian)
- a great organist and a prolific composer
- one of Beethoven's teachers



Giovanni Paisiello 

(or Paesiello; 1740–1816, Italian)
- the most popular opera composer of the late 1700s 
- his style influenced Mozart, Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti
Portrait of Giovanni Paisiello
- Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun  (1755–1842, French)
- oil on canvas (130.8 x 98.3 cm) 1791
- Versailles (Paris)
He is pictured here with the score of his Nina opera on the clavichord. 

Nina opera

“Nina, o sia La pazza per amore” 
(Nina, or Madly in Love) 




Jean-Paul-Égide Martini

(1741-1816, French)

(L) Plaisir d'amour
 
(R) Can't Help Falling in Love


Muzio Clementi

(1752–1832, Italian-born English)

Abandoning traditional 2-movement sonatas, Clementi initiated 3-movement forms. 
6 Sonatinas for Piano, Op. 36, No. 1 



A Concert (in France)
- Giovanni Paolo Panini (1720-1812, Italian)
- oil on canvas (155 x 119 cm) 1751
- Dickinson Gallery (London, New York)


Source: Wikipedia


Music #348 - Schubert - songs

Franz Schubert 

[ˈfʁants ˈʃuːbɛɐ̯t]  (1797 – 1828)

Schubert composed many songs, too. (歌曲之王)


Wiegenlied "Schlafe, schlafe, holder, süßer Knabe" / "Cradle Song"



Heidenröslein / "Little Rose of the Field" 《野玫瑰🌹》

- a poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe


Erlkönig / "alder king" 《魔王》

- a poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
It depicts the death of a child assailed by a supernatural being, the Erlking 


Der Hirt auf dem Felsen 

/ "The Shepherd on the Rock", D. 965
a famous Lied for soprano, clarinet, and piano


An die Musik / "To Music"  

(L)  José van Dam (tenor)
 
(R)  Felicity Lott (soprano)


Song cycles

Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau is a pre-eminent Lieder singer:
Die schöne Müllerin / The Fair Maid of the Mill《魅力的磨坊女》
Winterreise / Winter Journey 《冬之旅》- in winter, a traveller journeys out of town, dwelling on memories of an unfaithful lover
Score:

- from his "Swan Song" collection




Background of 'Ave Maria':

In 1810, Sir Walter Scott published The Lady of the Lake, an epic poem of 6 cantos, concerning the actions in 6 days, during a war between the lowland Scots and the highland clans. 
     'The Lady' was Ellen Douglas, and 'the Lake' was Loch Katrine in the Scottish Highlands.
     In Canto Three, Ellen was praying to the Virgin, singing 'Ave Maria'. This poem was then loosely translated to German, based on which Schubert composed 7 songs. 
     The 6th song is the 'Ellen’s third song' or 'Hymn to the Virgin'. It was later adapted to use the full lyrics of the Latin Ave Maria. It has then become one of Schubert’s most popular works under the title Ave Maria, in arrangements with various lyrics.
  
= = = = =
Bonus:

     In Canto Two, they sing the boat song “Hail to the Chief”.
     Based on that, a London songwriter James Sandersonin 1812 wrote a song (from an original Scottish Gaelic melody), which was soon adapted as an anthem or fanfare for the POTUS (after rounds of ruffles and flourishes).
 


Music #347 - Schubert - music

/SHOE-bert/   [ˈfʁants ˈʃuːbɛɐ̯t]  (1797 – 1828)

An Austrian composer, Schubert represented a turning point in musical history. While his own musical style was essentially Classical, his inspiration looked forward to the age of Romanticism.

List of compositions by Schubert by genre



Moment Musical 

* No. 3 of 6 - Horowitz (piano)   
Schubert composed 6 moments musicaux: 
a collection of 6 short pieces for solo piano.


Marche Militaire  

No. 1 of 3


Arpeggione Sonata 

- cello and piano
Mvt 1 Allegro moderato
Mvt 2:  Adagio
Mvt 3:  Allegretto
 An arpeggione is a 6-stringed cello-like instrument.



String Quartet No. 14 

- "Death and the Maiden", D.810
* by Alban Berg Quartet





- Piano Quintet
(A double bass is added instead of the more usual second violin.)
Mvt 1:  Allegro vivace  
(With the double bass, the piano does not need to provide a bass line.)
Mvt 2 Andante  
(The second half repeats in a different key.)
Mvt 3:  Scherzo: Presto  
Mvt 4:  Andantino – Variations – Allegretto
(Variations on Schubert's 1817 song "Die Forelle"/The Trout)
Mvt 5:  Allegro giusto


Symphony No.8

- aka the "Unfinished" symphony
Only the first two movements are completed.
First Movement: Allegro moderato
Second Movement: Andante con moto
Third movement was sketched, and fourth probably never written.


Symphony No. 9

- aka the "Great"
Mvt.1 Andante - Allegro ma non troppo - Piu Moto
Mvt.2 Andante con moto in A minor
Mvt.3 Scherzo. Allegro vivace  Trio in C major/A major
Nvt.4 Allegro vivace
* by Wiener Philharmoniker


Drei Klavierstücke

* Three Impromptus piano pieces





Piano Sonata No.16

 

Piano Trio in E-flat

II. 
 



Erlkönig D.328

- arranged by Géza Zichy for left hand


Music #346 - Beethoven - Symphonies

Ludwig van Beethoven  

(1770 – 1827)
  @ the Münsterplatz in Bonn,
Beethoven's birthplace


Symphony No.3 

- aka the "Eroica" (Italian for "heroic") in E flat
- originally dedicated to Napoleon, until his coronation
* Mvt.1 Allegro con brio
* Mvt.2 Marcia funebre: Adagio assai
* Mvt.3 Scherzo: Allegro vivace
* Mvt.4 Finale: Allegro molto
(L) a full concert
 
(R) the monumental finale 
- superb craftsmanship


Symphony No.5  

- aka "Beethoven's Fifth" 
 
* Mvt 1 - Allegro con brio 
* Mvt 2 - Andante con moto 
* Mvt 3 - Scherzo. Allegro 
* Mvt 4 - Allegro
 


Symphony No.6  

- aka "the Pastoral Symphony" 
 
* Mvt 1 - Allegro ma non troppo (awakening of cheerful feelings on arrival in the countryside)
* Mvt 2 - Andante molto mosso (by the brook)
* Mvt 3 - Allegro (merry gathering of country folk)
* Mvt 4 - Allegro (thunder, storm)
* Mvt 5 - Allegretto (shepherd's song, cheerful and thankful feelings after the storm)


Symphony No.7 

Mvt 1 - Poco sostenuto – vivace (in A)
* Mvt 2 - Allegretto (in a)  - digital  - piano solo  - piano duo  - piano trio  - guitar quartet  - guitar solo
* Mvt 3 - Presto (in F) – Assai meno presto (trio in D)
* Mvt 4 - Allegro con brio (in A)
(L) a full concert
 
(R)  Mvt 2 adapted as background music in
 The King's Speech (2010 movie)

Mvt 2 - digital piano solo
 



Symphony No.9  

- aka "Beethoven's Ninth" / "Choral" /
* Mvt 1 - Allegro ma non troppo, un poco maestoso 
Mvt 2 - Scherzo: Molto vivace – Presto 
* Mvt 3 - Adagio molto e cantabile 
Mvt 4 - Recitative etc. 
In mvt 4, a choral (“Ode to Joy”) is added, hitherto unprecedented to a symphony.

(L)  "Symphony No.9"
- excerpts from Copying Beethoven (2006 movie)
Totally deaf then, he conducts as his pretty student (from a nunnery) signals underground or understage.
 
(R)  "Ode to Joy"
- excerpts from Immortal Beloved (1994 movie)
Beethoven, then deaf, did not hear the audience applause, 
but was absorbed in recalling his hostile father, 
who used to beat the hell out of him (and box his ears).

The European Union

Ode to Joy:

The European Union anthem  

Note:
Kosovo and Rhodesia also adopt it as their national anthems!!   


= = = = =

Most beautiful passages 

of each Beethoven symphony (1-9)


Music #345 - Beethoven - Sonata & Concertos

Ludwig van Beethoven  

(1770 – 1827)   

Violin Sonata No.5

- aka the "Spring" sonata
Mvt.1 Allegro 
Mvt.2 Adagio molto espressivo
Mvt.3 Scherzo: Allegro molto
Mvt.4 Rondo: Allegro ma non troppo


Violin Sonata No.9

- score subtitle “written in a molto concertante style,
 as though a concerto”
- aka the "Kreutzer" sonata
Mvt.1 Adagio sostenuto – Presto
Mvt.2 Andante con variazioni
Mvt.3 Presto

- dedicated to violinist Rodolphe Kreutzer, who thoroughly disliked the piece and refused to play it
- an 1803 sonata for violin and piano notable for its technical difficulty, unusual length (around 40 minutes), and emotional scope


All 32 piano sonatas



Violin Concerto

Mvt.1 Allegro ma non troppo
Mvt.2 Larghetto 
Mvt.3 Rondo. Allegro


Three "Rasumovsky" String Quartets

* No. 1: String Quartet No. 7 in F major
* No. 2: String Quartet No. 8 in E minor
* No. 3: String Quartet No. 9 in C major


Concerto for Violin, Cello, and Piano

- more commonly known as the Triple Concerto  


Piano Trio No.4

- aka "Gassenhauer"



Piano Sonata No.3   

- Mvt.2 Adagio


Piano Sonata No.8

- aka Sonata Pathétique
Mvt.1 Grave – Allegro di molto e con brio
* Mvt.2 - Adagio cantabile
* Mvt.3 Rondo: Allegro --- or digital
 or Leezy
Totaling about 19 minutes


Piano Sonata No.14 

- aka "Quasi una fantasia" / "the Moonlight Sonata"
* I Adagio sostenuto
* II Allegretto
* III Presto agitato --- or appreciate its digital dimension
Totaling about 16 minutes
(L) I & III
 
(R) I


Piano Sonata No.17



Piano Sonata No.21 Op.53

- aka “The Waldstein” (dedicated to Count Waldstein) 
 



Piano Sonata No.23 Op.57

- aka “Appassionata” (passionate) 
I. Allegro assai  Almost using the keyboard as an orchestra
II. Andante con moto  A calm theme develops into a series of 3 variations
III. Allegro ma non troppo  Continues from mvt.II and towards a relentless finale


Piano Sonata No.26 Op.81a

- aka Les Adieux ("The Farewell")
 





Piano Concertos 

Standard Classical/Romantic-era concertos are in three movements: 
1) allegro con brio  2) largo  3) rondo. allegro

Piano Concerto No.1   


- aka the "Emperor" 
- Beethoven, too deaf to perform it himself, had it premiered by his pupil, Carl Czerny (familiar name?)
 
(R) Excerpt from "Immortal Beloved" (1994 movie), in which Beethoven premiered himself but could not hear the orchestra.