The Greatest Philosophers on Earth
(/ˈθeɪliːz/ THAY-leez) (c. 626/623–c. 548/545 BC)
... an Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher from Miletus in Ionia, Asia Minor. Thales was one of the Seven Sages, founding figures of Ancient Greece, and credited with the saying "know thyself".
Siddhartha Gautama / 釋迦 牟尼 (佛陀 佛祖)
... most commonly referred to as the Buddha ("the awakened")
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A a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism.
Socrates / 蘇格拉底
(/ˈsɒkrətiːz/) (c. 470–399 BC)
An enigmatic figure, Socrates authored no texts and is known mainly through the posthumous accounts of classical writers, particularly his students Plato and Xenophon. These accounts are written as dialogues, in which Socrates and his interlocutors examine a subject in the style of question and answer; they gave rise to the Socratic dialogue literary genre.
(/ˈpleɪtoʊ/ PLAY-toe) (428/427 or 424/423 – 348 BC)
In Athens, Plato founded the Academy, a philosophical school where he taught the philosophical doctrines that would later become known as Platonism. Plato was an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms in philosophy.
Aristotle / 亞里士多德
(/ˈærɪstɒtəl/) (384–322 BC)
... was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology and the arts. As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum in Athens, he began the wider Aristotelian tradition that followed, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science.
Augustine of Hippo / 希波的奧古斯丁
(/ɔːˈɡʌstɪn/ aw-GUST-in, US also /ˈɔːɡəstiːn/ AW-gə-steen)354–430)
aka Saint Augustine
... was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa. His writings influenced the development of Western philosophy and Western Christianity, and he is viewed as one of the most important Church Fathers of the Latin Church in the Patristic Period.
Thomas Aquinas OP
(/əˈkwaɪnəs/, ə-KWY-nəs) (1225–1274)
... an Italian Dominican friar and priest, an influential philosopher and theologian, and a jurist in the tradition of scholasticism from the county of Aquino in the Kingdom of Sicily, Italy. Thomas was a prominent proponent of natural theology and the father of a school of thought (encompassing both theology and philosophy) known as Thomism. He argued that God is the source of the light of natural reason and the light of faith.[10] He has been described as "the most influential thinker of the medieval period" and "the greatest of the medieval philosopher-theologians". His ideas, unlike many currents in the Catholic Church of the time, embraced several ideas put forward by Aristotle—whom he called "the Philosopher"—and attempted to synthesize Aristotelian philosophy with the principles of Christianity.
Nicolaus Copernicus / 哥白尼
(Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik) (1473–1543, Polish)
... a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center. In all likelihood, Copernicus developed his model independently of Aristarchus of Samos, an ancient Greek astronomer who had formulated such a model some eighteen centuries earlier.
Giordano Bruno / 布魯諾
(/dʒɔːrˈdɑːnoʊ ˈbruːnoʊ/; Italian: [dʒorˈdaːno ˈbruːno]) (1548–1600, Italian)
... a philosopher, poet, cosmological theorist and esotericist. He is known for his cosmological theories, which conceptually extended to include the then novel Copernican model. He proposed that the stars were distant suns surrounded by their own planets (exoplanets), and he raised the possibility that these planets might foster life of their own, a cosmological position known as cosmic pluralism. He also insisted that the universe is infinite and could have no center.
Francis Bacon / 培根
(/ˈbeɪkən/) (1561–1626, English)
... a philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England under King James I. Bacon led the advancement of both natural philosophy and the scientific method and his works remained influential even in the late stages of the Scientific Revolution.
René Descartes / 笛卡兒
(/deɪˈkɑːrt/ or UK: /ˈdeɪkɑːrt/; French: [ʁəne dekaʁt]) (1596–1650, French)
... a philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science. Mathematics was central to his method of inquiry, and he connected the previously separate fields of geometry and algebra into analytic geometry. Descartes spent much of his working life in the Dutch Republic, initially serving the Dutch States Army, later becoming a central intellectual of the Dutch Golden Age.
Baruch (de) Spinoza / 史賓諾莎
aka Benedictus de Spinoza
(1632–1677, Dutch )
... a philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin, born in Amsterdam.
One of the foremost and seminal thinkers of the Enlightenment, modern biblical criticism, and 17th-century Rationalism, including modern conceptions of the self and the universe, he came to be considered "one of the most important philosophers—and certainly the most radical—of the early modern period". Spinoza became a leading philosophical figure of the Dutch Golden Age.
John Locke / 洛克
(1632–1704, English)
... a philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "father of liberalism". Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Francis Bacon, Locke is equally important to social contract theory. His work greatly affected the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American Revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence. Internationally, Locke's political-legal principles continue to have a profound influence on the theory and practice of limited representative government and the protection of basic rights and freedoms under the rule of law.
Sir Isaac Newton / 牛頓
(1642–1726/27, English)
... a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher. He was a key figure in the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment that followed. His pioneering book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, first published in 1687, consolidated many previous results and established classical mechanics. Newton also made seminal contributions to optics, and shares credit with German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for developing infinitesimal calculus.
Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz / 萊布尼茲
(1646–1716, German)
... a polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat. Leibniz is also called, "The Last Universal Genius" due to his knowledge and skills in different fields and because such people became less common during the Industrial Revolution and spread of specialized labor after his lifetime. He is a prominent figure in both the history of philosophy and the history of mathematics. He wrote works on philosophy, theology, ethics, politics, law, history, philology, games, music, and other studies. Leibniz also made major contributions to physics and technology, and anticipated notions that surfaced much later in probability theory, biology, medicine, geology, psychology, linguistics and computer science. In addition, he contributed to the field of library science by devising a cataloguing system whilst working at Wolfenbüttel library in Germany that would have served as a guide for many of Europe's largest libraries. He wrote in several languages, primarily in Latin, French and occasionally in German.
François-Marie Arouet / 伏爾泰
(French: [fʁɑ̃swa maʁi aʁwɛ]) (1694–1778, French)
aka M. de Voltaire (/vɒlˈtɛər, voʊl-/; also US: /vɔːl-/; French: [vɔltɛːʁ])
... an Enlightenment writer, philosopher (philosophe) and historian. is nom de plume he was famous for his wit, in addition to his criticism of Christianity—especially of the Roman Catholic Church—and of slavery. Voltaire was an advocate of freedom of speech, freedom of religion and separation of church and state.
David Hume / 休謨
(/hjuːm/; born David Home) (1711–1776, Scottish)
... an Enlightenment philosopher, historian, economist, librarian, and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism. Beginning with A Treatise of Human Nature (1739–40), Hume strove to create a naturalistic science of man that examined the psychological basis of human nature. Hume argued against the existence of innate ideas, positing that all human knowledge derives solely from experience. This places him with Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and George Berkeley as an empiricist.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau / 盧梭
(UK: /ˈruːsoʊ/, US: /ruːˈsoʊ/, French: [ʒɑ̃ ʒak ʁuso]) (1712–1778, Genevan)
... a philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Age of Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic, and educational thought.
Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach / 霍爾巴哈
(French: [dɔlbak]) (1723–1789, Franco-German)
Aka d'Holbach
... a philosopher, encyclopedist and writer, who was a prominent figure in the French Enlightenment. He lived and worked mainly in Paris, where he kept a salon. He helped in the dissemination of "Protestant and especially German thought", particularly in the field of the sciences, but was best known for his atheism and for his voluminous writings against religion, the most famous of them being The System of Nature (1770) and The Universal Morality (1776).
Immanuel Kant / 康德
(1724–1804, German)
... a philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers. Kant's comprehensive and systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics have made him one of the most influential and controversial figures in modern Western philosophy.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel / 黑格爾
(/ˈheɪɡəl/; German: [ˈɡeːɔʁk ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈheːɡl̩]; 1770–1831, German)
... a philosopher and one of the most influential figures of German idealism and 19th-century philosophy. His influence extends across the entire range of contemporary philosophical topics, from metaphysical issues in epistemology and ontology, to political philosophy, the philosophy of history, philosophy of art, philosophy of religion, and the history of philosophy.
Arthur Schopenhauer / 叔本華
(/ˈʃoʊpənhaʊər/ SHOH-pən-how-ər; 1788–1860, German)
... a philosopher, he is best known for his 1818 work The World as Will and Representation (expanded in 1844), which characterizes the phenomenal world as the product of a blind noumenal will.[19] Building on the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that rejected the contemporaneous ideas of German idealism.
Charles Darwin / 達爾文
(DAR-win; 1809–1882, English)
... a naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all species of life have descended from a common ancestor is now generally accepted and considered a fundamental concept in science.
Friedrich Nietzsche / 尼采
(NEE-chə, NEE-chee, German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈniːtʃə]; 1844–1900, German)
... a philosopher, prose poet, cultural critic, philologist, and composer, whose work has exerted a profound influence on contemporary philosophy.
Sigmund Freud / 佛洛伊德
(/frɔɪd/, German: [ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt]; 1856–1939, Austrian)
... a neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies seen as originating from conflicts in the psyche, through dialogue between patient and psychoanalyst, and the distinctive theory of mind and human agency derived from it.
Edmund Husserl / 胡塞爾
(/ˈhʊsɜːrl/ HUUSS-url; 1859–1938, Austrian-German)
... a philosopher and mathematician who established the school of phenomenology.
Bertrand Russell / 羅素
(1872–1970, British)
... a mathematician, philosopher, logician, and public intellectual. He had a considerable influence on mathematics, logic, set theory, linguistics, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, computer science and various areas of analytic philosophy, especially philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of language, epistemology, and metaphysics.
Ludwig Wittgenstein / 維特根斯坦
(/ˈvɪtɡənʃtaɪn/; 1889–1951, Austrian)
... a philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language.
* he became interested in the foundations of mathematics, particularly after reading Bertrand Russell's The Principles of Mathematics (1903), and Gottlob Frege's The Foundations of Arithmetic
Martin Heidegger / 海德格爾
(/ˈhaɪdɛɡər, ˈhaɪdɪɡər/; 1889–1976, German)
... was a philosopher who is best known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism. He is often considered to be among the most important and influential philosophers of the 20th century.
Jean-Paulq Sartre / 沙特
(/ˈsɑːrtrə/; 1905–1980, French)
... was a philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism.
Source: Wikipedia
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