Italian Renaissance :
Mannerism - Part 2/2
Parmigianino (1503–1540, Italian)
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| Madonna with the Long Neck - Parmigianino - oil on wood (216 × 132 cm) 1535-40 - Uffizi (Florence) |
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| A garzone grinding pigments - Parmigianino - red chalk on paper (20 x 16 cm) 1530s - Victoria and Albert Museum (London) |
In the 16th century, Venice was an independent city state, with a huge 10,000-man fleet. It was a key Italian trading port for silk, pigments and fragrant. It was a renowned trading center for pigments.
Dosso Dossi (c.1489–1542, Italian) Ferrara school
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| Circe and her Lovers in a Landscape - Dosso Dossi - oil on canvas (100 x 136 cm) c.1514-1516 - National Gallery of Art (Washington) |
Circe is a goddess of magic in Greek mythology. She is a daughter of the god Helios. Circe was renowned for her vast knowledge of potions and herbs.
Lorenzo Lotto (c.1480–1556/57, Italian) Venetian school
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| Saint Catherine - Lorenzo Lotto - oil on panel (57 x 50 cm) c.1522 - National Gallery of Art (Washington) |
Domenico Beccafumi (1486–1551, Italian) Sienese school
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| The Fall of the Rebel Angels - Domenico di Pace Beccafumi - oil on panel (347 x 227 cm) 1528 - Pinacoteca Nazionale (Siena) |
El Greco (1541–1614, Greek-Spanish) Spanish Renaissance
Doménikos Theotokópoulos, most widely known by his nickname El Greco ("The Greek"), was a Greek painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. |
| Madonna and Child with Saint Martina and Saint Agnes - El Greco - oil on canvas (194 x 103 cm) 1597-99 - National Gallery of Art (Washington) |
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| Laokoon - El Greco - oil on canvas (142 x 193 cm) 1610 - National Gallery of Art (Washington) |
Cf.
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| Laocoön and His Sons - Hagesandros, Athenedoros & Polydoros - marble (208 × 163 × 112 cm) early first century BCE - Vatican Museums (Vatican City) |
Aka the Laocoön Group.
Copy after an Hellenistic original from ca. 200 BC.
Found in the Baths of Trajan, 1506.
Renaissance humanism
Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, typically non-religious. Renaissance humanism was a revival in the study of classical antiquity, at first in Italy and then spreading across Western Europe in the 14th to 16th centuries.
Humanists sought to create a citizenry able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity. This was to be accomplished through “studia humanitatis”, which denotes secular literary and scholarly activities (in grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, moral philosophy, and ancient Greek and Latin studies) that the humanists thought to be essentially humane and Classical studies rather than divine…
Humanism was a pervasive cultural mode and not the program of a small elite, a program to revive the cultural legacy, literary legacy, and moral philosophy of classical antiquity. There were important centres of humanism in Florence, Naples, Rome, Venice, Genoa, Mantua, Ferrara, and Urbino.
* Theorist: Erasmus (1466–1536), a Dutch philosopher and Christian scholar who is widely considered to have been one of the greatest scholars of the northern Renaissance.
* Introducing humanism to diplomacy: Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527, Florentine statesman), most known for his book《The Prince》(1532)
* Introducing humanism to construction: Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472, Italian)
Renaissance humanism
Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, typically non-religious. Renaissance humanism was a revival in the study of classical antiquity, at first in Italy and then spreading across Western Europe in the 14th to 16th centuries.
Humanists sought to create a citizenry able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity. This was to be accomplished through “studia humanitatis”, which denotes secular literary and scholarly activities (in grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, moral philosophy, and ancient Greek and Latin studies) that the humanists thought to be essentially humane and Classical studies rather than divine…
Humanism was a pervasive cultural mode and not the program of a small elite, a program to revive the cultural legacy, literary legacy, and moral philosophy of classical antiquity. There were important centres of humanism in Florence, Naples, Rome, Venice, Genoa, Mantua, Ferrara, and Urbino.
* Theorist: Erasmus (1466–1536), a Dutch philosopher and Christian scholar who is widely considered to have been one of the greatest scholars of the northern Renaissance.
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| Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam - Hans Holbein (1497/1498–1543, German) - oil on panel (74 x 51 cm) 1523 - National Gallery (London) |
* Introducing humanism to diplomacy: Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527, Florentine statesman), most known for his book《The Prince》(1532)
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| Polychrome bust of Niccolò Machiavelli (perhaps modelled on his death mask) - Palazzo Vecchio (Florence) |
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| Statue of Niccolò Machiavelli - Lorenzo Bartolini (1777–1850, Italian sculptor) - Uffizi courtyard (Florence) |
* Introducing humanism to construction: Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472, Italian)
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| The polychrome facade of Santa Maria Novella (Florence) 1470 |
* Promoting humanism: Baldassare Castiglione
The Book of the Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529, Italian), is a lengthy philosophical dialogue on the topic of what constitutes an ideal courtier or (in the third chapter) court lady, worthy to befriend and advise a Prince or political leader.
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| Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione - Raphael (1483–1520, Italian) - oil on canvas (82 x 67 cm) 1514-1515 - Louvre (Paris) |
Source: Wikipedia
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