North European Renaissance
“The Northern Renaissance was the Renaissance that occurred in Europe north of the Alps. “Before 1497, Italian Renaissance humanism had little influence outside Italy. From the late 15th century, its ideas spread around Europe. This influenced the German, French, English, Low Countries, Polish; Renaissance and other national and localized movements, each with different characteristics and strengths.”
Portrait of a Saxon Princess (possibly George of Saxony's daughter-in-law Elizabeth of Hesse)
“Frederick III (1463–1525) is notable as being one of the most powerful early defenders of Martin Luther. He successfully protected Luther from the Holy Roman Emperor, the Pope and other hostile figures. He was not led by religious conviction, but rather by his personal belief in a fair trial for any of his subjects (a privilege guaranteed by the imperial statutory law) and the rule of law.
“The elector had little personal contact with Luther himself. Frederick's treasurer Degenhart Pfaffinger (Pfaffinger being a German dynasty) spoke on his behalf to Luther. Pfaffinger had supported Frederick since their pilgrimage to the holy land together.
“Frederick is considered to have remained a Roman Catholic all his life, yet gradually inclining toward doctrines of the Reformation and supposedly converting on his deathbed.
“.....He succeeded his father as elector in 1486; in 1502, he founded the University of Wittenberg, where Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon taught.”
Nicholas Kratzer (1487? – 1550) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and horologist. Much of Kratzer's professional life was spent in England, where he was appointed as astronomer and clock maker to King Henry VIII.
“Sir Brian Tuke (c. 1475–1547) was Henry VIII's Master of the Posts from 1517 and Treasurer of the Chamber from 1528. He was also a scholar, who edited an edition of Chaucer with a title-page after Holbein, and a collector of paintings.”
A portrait miniature is a miniature portrait painting, usually executed in gouache, watercolor, or enamel. Portrait miniatures developed out of the techniques of the miniatures in illuminated manuscripts, and were popular among 16th-century elites, mainly in England and France, and spread out.
English goldsmith and limner best known for his portrait miniatures of members of the courts of Elizabeth I and James I of England. He mostly painted small oval miniatures, but also some larger cabinet miniatures, up to about ten inches tall, and at least two famous half-length panel portraits of Elizabeth.
He enjoyed continuing success as an artist, for forty-five years. His paintings still exemplify the visual image of Elizabethan England, very different from that of most of Europe in the late sixteenth century.
Elizabeth I (1533-1558-1603) was Queen of England and Ireland. She was the last of the five monarchs of the House of Tudor. She survived smallpox, and for the rest of her life she put on heavy makeup and wig.
James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 1566–1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns from 1603 until his death in 1625.
The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union.
German Portraits
Albrecht Dürer
(1471-1528, German)
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| Self-Portrait at 26 - Durer - oil on panel (52 x 41 cm) 1498 - Museo del Prado (Madrid) |
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| The Painter's Father - Dürer - oil on lime (51 x 40 cm) 1497 - National Gallery (London) |
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| Madonna and Child (Haller Madonna) - Durer - oil on panel (52 x 42 cm) c.1496/99 - National Gallery of Art (Washington) |
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| The Four Apostles - Dürer - oil on lindenwood (each panel 215 x 76 cm) 1523-26 - Alte Pinakothek (Munich) |
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| The four horsemen of the Apocalypse - Durer in 1498 - British Museum (London) |
The four horsemen respectively represent war, hunger, epidemic and death.
Tilman Riemenschneider (1460–1531, German)
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| Trauernde Maria (Mourning Maria) - Tilman Riemenschneider (1460–1531, German) - wood, c.1505-c.1510 - Mainfraenkisches Museum (Wuerzburg) |
Lucas Cranach the Elder (c.1472–1553, German)
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| The Nymph of the Spring - Lucas Cranach the Elder - oil on lime (48 × 73 cm) after 1537 - National Gallery of Art (Washington) |
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| A Princess of Saxony - Lucas Cranach the Elder - oil on panel (43 x 34 cm) c.1517 - National Gallery of Art (Washington) |
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| The Crucifixion with the Converted Centurion - Lucas Cranach the Elder - oil on panel (51 x 35 cm) 1536 - National Gallery of Art (Washington) |
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| Martin Luther (1483–1546) - Lucas Cranach the Elder - oil on wood (33.3 x 23.2 cm) c.1532 - Metropolitan Museum of Art (NYC) |
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| Frederick III, the Wise, Elector of Saxony - Lucas Cranach the Elder - oil on panel (80 x 49 cm) c.1523 - Palais Liechtenstein (Vienna) |
“The elector had little personal contact with Luther himself. Frederick's treasurer Degenhart Pfaffinger (Pfaffinger being a German dynasty) spoke on his behalf to Luther. Pfaffinger had supported Frederick since their pilgrimage to the holy land together.
“Frederick is considered to have remained a Roman Catholic all his life, yet gradually inclining toward doctrines of the Reformation and supposedly converting on his deathbed.
“.....He succeeded his father as elector in 1486; in 1502, he founded the University of Wittenberg, where Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon taught.”
Hans Holbein the Younger
(1497/1498–1543, German)
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| Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan (in mourning clothes) - Hans Holbein the Younger - oil on oak (79 x 83 cm) 1538, Brussels - National Gallery (London) |
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| Portrait of Astronomer Nicholas Kratzer - Hans Holbein the Younger - oil on panel (82 x 65 cm) 1528 - National Portrait Gallery (London) |
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| The Artist's Family - Hans Holbein the Younger - oil & tempera on paper mounted on wood (77 x 64 cm) c.1528/29 - Museums in Basel (Switzerland) |
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| Portrait of Sir Brian Tuke - Hans Holbein the Younger - oil on oak (49 × 39 cm) c.1527 - National Gallery of Art (Washington) |
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| Portrait Miniature of Margaret Roper (1505–1544) - Hans Holbein the Younger, - gouache on vellum/cardboard (dia. 4.5 cm) c.1535–36 - Metropolitan Museum of Art (NYC) |
Nicholas Hilliard
(c.1547–1619, English)
He enjoyed continuing success as an artist, for forty-five years. His paintings still exemplify the visual image of Elizabethan England, very different from that of most of Europe in the late sixteenth century.
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| Portrait of Elizabeth I, Queen of England - Nicholas Hilliard - watercolor on parchment/cardboard (4.5 x 3.8 cm) 1587 - National Portrait Gallery (London) |
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| Portrait of James I, King of England - Nicholas Hilliard - watercolor on parchment/cardboard (5.4 x 4.1 cm) 1603-09 - Victoria and Albert Museum (London) |
The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union.
(1466-1530, Flemish)
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| The Money Lender and His Wife - Quentin Matsys - oil on panel (70.5 × 67 cm) 1514 - Louvre Abu Dhabi (Abu Dhabi) |
Source: Wikipedia
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